Motherboards
§The motherboard is the main printed circuit board
§Contains the buses, or electrical pathways found in a computer. Buses allow data to travel among the various components.
§Accommodates CPU, RAM, expansion slots, heat sink/fan assembly, BIOS chip, chip set, sockets, internal and external connectors, various ports, and the embedded wires that interconnect the motherboard components.
Cooling Systems
§Electronic components generate heat. Too much heat can damage components.
§A case fan makes the cooling process more efficient.
§A heat sink draws heat away from the core of the CPU. A fan on top of the heat sink moves the heat away from the CPU.
§Fans can be dedicated to cool the Graphics-processing unit (GPU).
ROM and RAM
§Read-only memory (ROM)
§ROM contains the basic instructions for booting the computer and loading the operating system are stored in ROM.
§Random-access memory (RAM)
§RAM is temporary storage for data and programs that are being accessed by the CPU
§RAM is volatile memory, which means that the contents are erased when the computer is powered off
More RAM means more capacity to hold and process large programs and files, as well as enhance system
performance
Memory Modules
§Memory modules are memory chips that have been soldered on to a special circuit board for easy installation and removal.
§Dual Inline Package (DIP) is an individual memory chip.
§Single Inline Memory Module (SIMM) is a small circuit board that holds several memory chips.
§Dual Inline Memory Module (DIMM) is a circuit board that holds SDRAM, DDR SDRAM, and DDR2 SDRAM chips.
§RAM Bus Inline Memory Module (RIMM) is a circuit board that holds RDRAM chips.
§Small Outline DIMM (SODIMM) is a smaller, more condensed version of DIMM which provides random access
data storage that is ideal for use in laptops, printers, and other devices where conserving space is desirable.
§The speed of memory has a direct impact on how much data a processor can process because faster memory
improves the performance of the processor. As processor speed increases, memory speed must also increase.
Adapter Cards
§Adapter cards increase the functionality of a computer by adding controllers for specific devices or by replacing
malfunctioning ports.
§Examples of adapter cards:
•Sound adapter and video adapter
•USB, parallel, and serial ports
•Network Interface Card (NIC), wireless NIC, and modem adapter
§Types of expansion slots:
•Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
•Advanced Graphics Port (AGP)
Hard Drives and Floppy Drives
§Hard drives and floppy drives read or write information to magnetic storage media.
§They may be fixed or removable.
§The hard disk drive (HDD) is a magnetic storage device. The storage capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB).
§Magnetic hard drives have drive motors designed to spin magnetic platters and move the drive heads.
§Solid state drives (SSDs) do not have moving parts, which results in faster access to data, higher reliability,
reduced power usage.
§A floppy disk drive (FDD) is storage device that uses removable 3.5 inch floppy disks that can store up to 1.44
MB of data.
Optical Drives, Flash Drives and Drive Interfaces
§An optical drive is a storage device that uses lasers to read data on the optical media. The three types are CD,
DVD and BD.
§A flash drive is a removable storage device that connects to a USB port. A flash drive uses a type of memory
that requires no power to maintain the data.
§Some common drive interfaces are:
•Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE)
•Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE)
•Parallel ATA (PATA)
•Serial ATA (SATA) and External SATA (eSATA)
•Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Internal Cables
§Internal power cables (Molex and Berg) connect drives and fans to the motherboard.
§Front panel cables connect the case buttons and lights to the motherboard.
§Data cables connect drives to the drive controller.
•Floppy disk drive (FDD) data cable
•PATA (IDE) data cable
•PATA (EIDE) data cable
•SATA data cable
•eSATA data cable
•SCSI data cable
Input Devices
Input devices are used to enter data or instructions into a computer:
•Mouse and Keyboard
•KVM switch
•Digital camera and digital video camera
•Biometric authentication device
•Touch screen
•Scanner
Output Devices
§Monitors and Projectors:
•Cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor is the most common monitor type. Most televisions also use this technology.
•Liquid crystal display (LCD) is commonly used in laptops and some projectors. LCD comes in two forms,
active matrix and passive matrix.
•Digital light processing (DLP) is another technology used in projectors.
•Monitor resolution refers to the level of image detail that can be reproduced. Higher resolution settings produce
better image quality.
§Printers and Fax Machines are output devices that create hard copies of computer files.
§Scanners create electronic file version of paper documents.
§Speakers and headphones are output devices for reproducing audio signals.
System Resources
§System resources are used for communication purposes between the CPU and other components in a computer.
§There are three common system resources:
•Interrupt Requests (IRQs)
•Input/Output (I/O) Port Addresses
•Direct Memory Access (DMA)
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